This page is not maintained anymore; the links may be broken, and the information may be out of date.
The information presented here is for you to use freely but at your own risk.
See here for some other good installation guides: APC's Linux/Vista/XP dual-booting guide and Psychocats' installation guide.
sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorgand then press ENTER on your keyboard.
| Purpose | Size | Filesystem |
| swap space | 1 - 2GB | linux-swap |
| root directory (/) | 6 - 10GB | ReiserFS (or ext3) |
| home directory (/home) | remaining free space | ReiserFS (or ext3) |
Most of the information on this page comes from the following sources:
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sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade
Note that installing the nVidia driver will automatically fix some screen resolution problems.
sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorgYou will be presented with a series of questions. Choose the default answers for all the questions except for the following:
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx-new sudo nvidia-glx-config enableNote: If you have a GeForce4 video card, you may need to use nvidia-glx instead of nvidia-glx-new. And if you have a very old card, like a TNT, you may need to use nvidia-glx-legacy instead.
sudo nvidia-settingsYou can change the settings in the "X Server Display Configuration" section and then click the "Save to X Configuration" button and save the file as /etc/X11/xorg.conf.
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.confand then appending the following lines to the file:
Section "Extensions"
Option "Composite" "false"
EndSection
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.confChange:
Section "Device"
...
Driver "nvidia"
...
EndSection
to:
Section "Device"
...
Driver "nvidia"
...
Option "NoLogo" "true"
EndSection
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup.mouse sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.confChange:
Section "InputDevice"
...
Driver "mouse"
...
Option "Emulate3Buttons" ...
Option "ZAxisMapping" ...
...
EndSection
to:
Section "InputDevice"
...
Driver "mouse"
...
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "false"
Option "Buttons" "7"
Option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
...
EndSection
NOTE: CD/DVD eject seems to work fine for me in Feisty, so only follow these steps if you are having problems ejecting.
sudo sysctl dev.cdrom.lock=0
sudo cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.backup.eject sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.confAdd the following line to the file:
dev.cdrom.lock=0
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.listAdd:
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
wget -c -P /tmp/ http://www.debian-multimedia.org/pool/main/w/w32codecs/w32codecs_20061022-0.0_i386.deb wget -c -P /tmp/ http://www.debian-multimedia.org/pool/main/libd/libdvdcss/libdvdcss2_1.2.9-0.0_i386.deb sudo dpkg -i /tmp/w32codecs_20061022-0.0_i386.deb /tmp/libdvdcss2_1.2.9-0.0_i386.deb
sudo apt-get install totem-xine libxine-extracodecs
sudo apt-get install mplayer sudo sed -i.backup -e's@gmplayer@mplayer@g' /usr/share/applications/mplayer.desktop sudo sed -i.backup -e's@vo=x11,@vo=xv,@g' /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf
sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
See also the Midi Software Synthesis How-To.
sudo apt-get install timidity timidity-interfaces-extra
sudo modprobe snd-seq-device sudo modprobe snd-seq-midi sudo modprobe snd-seq-oss sudo modprobe snd-seq-midi-event sudo modprobe snd-seq timidity -iA -B2,8 -Os1l -s 44100To make software synthesis start automatically in future, first make the appropriate modules load automatically:
sudo gedit /etc/modulesAppend the following:
snd-seq-device snd-seq-midi snd-seq-oss snd-seq-midi-event snd-seqThen inform Timidity to start automatically:
sudo gedit /etc/default/timidityUncomment the line to enable the sequencer. That is, change:
#TIM_ALSASEQ=trueto:
TIM_ALSASEQ=true
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/timidity.desktopAdd:
[Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Timidity MIDI Player Comment=Play MIDI audio files Exec=timidity -ig Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=false MimeType=audio/midi; Categories=Application;AudioVideo; Icon= #NoDisplay=true
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list.backup.midi sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/defaults.listInsert/replace the audio/midi entry as follows:
audio/midi=timidity.desktop
wget -c -P /tmp/ http://www.fbriere.net/debian/dists/stable/misc/deb/eawpatches_12-1~fbriere.4_all.deb sudo dpkg -i /tmp/eawpatches_12-1~fbriere.4_all.deb sudo gedit /etc/timidity/timidity.cfgChange:
source /etc/timidity/freepats.cfgto:
source /etc/timidity/eawpatches.cfg
sudo gedit /etc/timidity/timidity.cfgAdd:
opt EFresamp=d #disable resampling (or "opt EFresamp=l" for linear resampling) opt EFvlpf=d #disable VLPF opt EFreverb=d #disable reverb opt EFchorus=d #disable chorus opt EFdelay=d #disable delaySave and close the file.
sudo apt-get install gparted
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
sudo apt-get install brasero
sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
sudo apt-get install sound-juicer
I prefer the default Evince viewer to Acroread (even though Evince can't do forms yet) because it is faster and cleaner.
sudo apt-get install acroread
sudo sed -i.backup.acroread -e's@application/pdf=evince.desktop@application/pdf=AdobeReader.desktop@g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
sudo apt-get install libqt4-gui wget -c -O /tmp/skype.deb http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-ubuntu sudo dpkg -i /tmp/skype.deb
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
See the Restricted Formats page.
sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin sudo update-alternatives --config javaSelect the appropriate Sun Java option.
sudo apt-get install texlive texlive-generic-extra texlive-latex-extra texlive-math-extra texlive-pstricks latex-beamer texpower psutils
Note: teTeX is not being developed anymore, so I recommend TeX Live instead.
sudo apt-get install tetex-base tetex-bin tetex-extra
sudo apt-get install octave
sudo apt-get install gnuplot
sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx-dev libglew-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsdl-ttf2.0-dev libsdl-image1.2-dev libsdl-mixer1.2-dev
sudo apt-get install libgmp3-dev libgmp3-doc
sudo apt-get install cvs
sudo apt-get install meld
sudo apt-get install tkcvs
sudo apt-get install subversion
mkdir $SVN_DIR
Typically, use /home/$USER/svn as $SVN_DIR.
svnadmin create $SVN_DIR/$PROJECTwhere $PROJECT is your project name
nano $SVN_DIR/$PROJECT/conf/svnserve.confAdd the following lines:
[general] #section heading anon-access = none # turn off anonymous access
svn import /path/to/original/content/ file://$SVN_DIR/$PROJECT[/deeper]
svn checkout svn+ssh://$SVN_SERVER/$SVN_DIR/$PROJECT[/deeper/]
svn update/commit/add/remove/rename/revert [filenames]
sudo apt-get install meld
sudo apt-get install vim-gnome
sudo sed -i.backup.gvim -e's@gedit.desktop@gvim.desktop@g' -e's@text/x-csrc=gvim.desktop@text/x-csrc=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-c++hdr=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-c++src=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-csharp=gvim.desktop\ntext/x-tex=gvim.desktop@g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list sudo sed -i.backup -e's@MimeType=text/plain;@MimeType=text/plain;text/html;text/css;text/xml;text/x-dtd;text/x-chdr;text/x-csrc;text/x-c++hdr;text/x-c++src;text/x-java;text/x-csharp;text/x-tex;text/x-bibtex;text/x-readme;@g' -e's@NoDisplay=true@NoDisplay=false@g' /usr/share/applications/gvim.desktop
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.listAdd the following lines:
deb http://switch.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit ./ deb-src http://switch.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit ./Save and close the file.
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install jedit
sudo gedit /usr/bin/jeditChange:
... ${JEDIT} -jar "/usr/share/jedit/jedit.jar" $@
to:
... ${JEDIT} -jar "/usr/share/jedit/jedit.jar" -reuseview $@
A few words of explanation to dispell some of the misconceptions about Firestarter. Ubuntu Linux has a built-in firewall called iptables. However, it is somewhat complicated to configure and maintain since it is command-line only. Firestarter is a tool that acts as a nice GUI front-end to iptables. As such, you can use Firestarter to configure the iptables firewall to your liking. After that you don't need to keep Firestarter running anymore. Thus, even if you close Firestarter, the iptables firewall (which is built into the Linux kernel and loads automatically on boot) will still be running.
Ubuntu, as installed, leaves all its ports open. So, if you want to install a server (e.g., SSH, Samba, etc.), you should first install Firestarter and then use Firestarter to close all ports except for those that your servers needs to listen to.
sudo apt-get install firestarter
sudo firestarterand then complete the setup wizard.
sudo apt-get install openssh-server
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_configChange
Port 22to
Port xxxx
where xxxx is the alternative port number you want to use.
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_configAdd the following line:
AllowUsers user1 user2 ... userNwhere user1, user2, ..., userN are the users you want to allow (all other users will be disallowed SSH access).
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart
If you have a dynamic IP address, it can be difficult to access your computer over the Internet (e.g., via an SSH) because the IP address keeps changing. An elegant solution is to use a free service, called DynDNS, to create a name (e.g., yourname.dyndns.org) with which you can access your computer over the Internet so long as you keep DynDNS updated your latest IP address. We will use a script called ipcheck to automatically update DynDNS with your IP address.
sudo apt-get install ipcheck
sudo mkdir /root/ipcheck
sudo nano /root/ipcheck/dyndns_accountEnter your DynDNS account information into the file as below:
username password hostname.domainnameSave and close the file. Here, username and password are your DynDNS account username and password. hostname is the hostname you chose, and domain is the domain you selected (e.g., dyndns.org, podzone.org, etc.).
sudo chmod o-r /root/ipcheck/dyndns_account
sudo nano /root/ipcheck/dyndns_update.shEnter the following code into the script file:
#!/bin/sh cd /root/ipcheck/ if [ -f ipcheck.dat ]; then /usr/sbin/ipcheck -l -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 --acctfile dyndns_account else /usr/sbin/ipcheck --makedat -l -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 --acctfile dyndns_account fiSave and close the file. When called, this script will get the current IP address (using a free service provided by DynDNS). Then, if the IP address changed, the script will update DynDNS with the new address.
sudo chmod +x /root/ipcheck/dyndns_update.sh
sudo crontab -eAppend the following line to the list of crontab tasks in order to schedule our script to run every 10 minutes:
*/10 * * * * test -x /root/ipcheck/dyndns_update.sh && /root/ipcheck/dyndns_update.sh > /dev/nullSave and close the file.
Wine is an implementation of the Windows API that allows you to run Windows applications directly in Linux.
wget -q http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/387EE263.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add - sudo wget http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/sources.list.d/feisty.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq.list sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine
wine program.exe
sudo apt-get install nautilus-actions
nautilus-actions-configand twiddle away.
sudo mount /dev/hdb1 mountPoint -t reiserfs -o notail
sudo mount /dev/hdb1 mountPoint -t ext3
sudo mount /dev/hda1 mountPoint -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
sudo mount /dev/hda1 mountPoint -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop -r
sudo umount mountPoint
sudo umount -l mountPoint
info=$(isoinfo -d -i $device) && echo "$info" && dd if=$device of=output.iso bs=$(echo "$info" | grep "^Logical block size is:" | cut -d " " -f 5) count=$(echo "$info" | grep "^Volume size is:" | cut -d " " -f 4) conv=notrunc,noerror,syncIf this step fails with an "input/output error", try various combinations of unmounting/remounting/ejecting the device:
sudo umount -l $device eject $device sudo mount $deviceIf the disk is a media disk, try playing it with Totem or MPlayer first.
mkisofs -o file.iso dir
md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
md5sum -c file.iso.md5
See the Unofficial Ubuntu Starter Guide for more information.
See https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FixVideoResolutionHowto for more information. The following worked for me:
sudo ddcprobe | grep monitorrangeThe first two values returned are your HorizSync rates, the second pair is your VertRefresh values.
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup.sync_and_refresh sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.confFind the following section and make sure the HorizSync and VertRefresh lines exist and have the appropriate values (e.g., 30-96 and 50-160):
Section "Monitor"
...
HorizSync 30-96
VertRefresh 50-160
EndSection
cp ~/.xine/catalog.cache ~/.xine/catalog.cache.backup gedit ~/.xine/catalog.cacheFind the following section:
[/usr/lib/xine/plugins/1.0.0/xineplug_decode_w32dll.so] size=173768 mtime=1112804124 type=131 api=15 id=win32a version=10000 supported_types=50593792 52428800 52822016 ... (long line truncated) decoder_priority=1Replace (in this section only):
decoder_priority=1With:
decoder_priority=7
Only follow these steps if you experience choppy CD/DVD playback. See the Unofficial Ubuntu Starter Guide for more information.
sudo hdparm -d /dev/device
where device is cdrom, cdrom1, dvd, etc.
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/device
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf.backup.dma
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
Append the following to the /etc/hdparm.conf
/dev/device {
dma = on
}
where device is cdrom, cdrom1, dvd, etc.
sudo gedit /etc/fstabReplace:
/dev/hda1 /media/hda1 vfat defaults,utf8,umask=007,gid=46 0 1With:
/dev/hda1 /media/hda1 vfat iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0Note that occurences of hda1 could be different (e.g., hdb2) for you, depending on the disk and partition number of your FAT32 partition.
See CFS's "Connecting to Herakles using SSH" page and this example ~/.ssh/config file for information specific to CUCS tunneling.
nano ~/.ssh/configAdd:
host bastionHostName user bastionUserName hostname bastionHostName.bastionDomain ForwardAgent yes LocalForward 2001 targetHostName.targetDomain:22 host targetHostName user targetUserName hostname localhost port 2001
ssh -fN bastionHostName
ssh targetHostName
Quick explanation: Public key authentication works as follows. First you create a public key and a private key. Think of the public key as being a lock which only opens with the private key. The private key should reside only on your local machine and is stored in encrypted form using a passphrase that you choose when you first create the key. Never send your private key to anyone. The public key is copied to the various systems that you want to access. Once the public key is installed on another system, you can access that system using your private key as authentication. This authentication is done automatically and there is no need for a password entry. You do however need to enter your passphrase in order to decrypt the private key on your local machine in the first place, but you can do this just once per session on your local machine (e.g., when you first log in to your local machine). This will store the decrypted private key in memory until you log out or until you manually tell the local machine to forget the decrypted private key.
ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/keyFile -t dsa
I highly recommend using a non-empty passphrase; you can later set up key management so that you only enter your passphrase once per session.
You will now have two files in your ~/.ssh folder:
ssh -i keyFile serverHostName.serverDomainAlternatively, you can add the following line to the appropriate host entry in your ~/.ssh/config file:
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/keyFile
and then ssh to that host as usual without having to use the -i keyFile command line option.
cp ~/.ssh/known_hosts ~/.ssh/known_hosts.backup
ssh -fN bastionHostName
ssh-keyscan -H -t rsa,dsa -p 2001 localhost >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
ssh-keyscan -H -t rsa,dsa -p 2002 localhost >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
ssh-keyscan -H -t rsa,dsa -p ... localhost >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
The following allows you to set things up so that you only have to enter your SSH key passphrase once per login session.
sudo apt-get install gnome-keyring-manager
ssh-add
ssh-add -D
NOTE: This assumes that you use GRUB to dual boot and that you do NOT use dmraid.
WARNING: In Edgy, after performing the steps below, I ran into GRUB "Error 18: Selected cylinder exceeds maximum supported by BIOS" and could not boot into Ubuntu. To solve this, I had to boot into Ubuntu recovery mode, and then edit /boot/grub/menu.lst and comment out the savedefault line in the Ubuntu stanza. You probably can't do this remotely once you run into this error (since the computer requires a physical CTRL+ALT+DEL to reboot after encountering the error), so make sure to comment out the savedefault before you perform a remote grub-reboot.
sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lstChange:
default 0to:
default savedSave and close the file by hitting CTRL+O and then CTRL+X.
sudo grub-reboot number
where number is the number of lines that show up in your GRUB menu before the "Windows" line (typically 4, 6, or 8).
(Don't include the "Windows" line into your count, but do include the "Other operating systems:" line.)
For example, number is 4 in this screenshot because there are four lines above the "Windows" option.
NOTE: this assumes that you use GRUB to dual boot, and that Ubuntu is the first boot option in /boot/grub/menu.lst.
shutdown /r /t 00
gconftool --type boolean --set /desktop/gnome/remote_access/local_only true gconftool --type boolean --set /desktop/gnome/remote_access/prompt_enabled false gconftool --type boolean --set /desktop/gnome/remote_access/view_only false gconftool --type boolean --set /desktop/gnome/remote_access/enabled true
gconftool --type boolean --set /desktop/gnome/remote_access/enabled false
ssh -fN -L 5903:[::1]:5900 server
Note that the "::1" in the above line is the IPv6 name for localhost.
vncviewer localhost:3
NOTE: The remote computer must be currently booted in WinXP, so you might have to reboot remotely from Ubuntu to Windows first.
ssh -fN herakles ssh -fN lion
rdesktop -r disk:sync=/home/$USER/local_directory localhost:2011
Note that disk:sync should be set to an absolute (as opposed to relative) path.
NOTE: I find that SFTP is faster, more secure, and more reliable.
See CFS's "Samba mounting" page for additional info.
ssh -fN herakles ssh -fN lion
smbclient //smb.cs.cornell.edu/win -U user_name -W CUCS -I localhost -p 2017
Or smbmount to mount the share:
smbmount //smb.cs.cornell.edu/win local_directory -o ip=localhost,port=2017,username=user_name,workgroup=CUCSAnd smbumount to unmount it:
smbumount local_directory
I find this method faster and more reliable than using Samba.
ssh -fN herakles sftp lion
sftp://lion/home/user
Windows home directory:
sftp://lion/home/WIN/user
Linux Bigbox directory:
sftp://lion/home/BIGBOX/user
Windows Bigbox directory:
sftp://lion/home/BIGBOX.win/user
\\cucs\home\UNIX\user
Windows home directory:
\\cucs\home\Windows\user
Windows Bigbox directory:
\\cs.cornell.edu\home\bigbox\user
gksudo network-admin
gnome-theme-managerClick "Theme Details", and fiddle away. My preferred settings are: Controls="Clearlooks", Window Border="IndustrialTango", Icons="Tango".
gnome-font-propertiesMy preferences are "App=Sans 10, Desktop=Sans 10, Window title=Sans 10, Terminal=FreeMono Medium 12".
IMPORTANT: This only applies if you want to move your home directory to another drive, or if you want to activate an existing home directory on another drive.
sudo mkdir /mnt/newNow mount the new partition (e.g., /dev/hdb2) to /mnt/new. If it is an Ext3 partition, use the following:
sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /mnt/new/If it is a ReiserFS partition, use the following:
sudo mount -t reiserfs -o notail /dev/hdb1 /mnt/new/Now copy your existing home directory to the new partition.
sudo cp -p -R /home/$USER /mnt/new/ sudo chown $USER:$USER /mnt/new/$USER sudo umount /mnt/new/
sudo nano /etc/fstabAssuming your intended home partition is /dev/hdb1, add a line to your /etc/fstab file to automount the partition onto the /home directory. If your intended home partition is Ext3, add the following line just after the main and swap partitions:
/dev/hdb1 /home ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 2If the intended home partition is ReiserFS, use the following:
/dev/hdb1 /home reiserfs defaults,notail 0 2Save the file (i.e., press CTRL+O) and exit Nano (i.e., press CTRL+X).
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst.backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lstRemove the splash option from the appropriate lines. I.e., Change:
kernel /boot/... root=... ro quiet splashto:
kernel /boot/... root=... ro quiet
If you have trouble accessing your Ubuntu machine remotely, it might be because the DHCP server needs to be informed of the machine's name.
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf.backup sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.confAdd the following line to the file:
send "hostname.domain";where hostname is your computer name and domain is the your computer's network domain (e.g., u.cs.cornell.edu).
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
find dir -name "regexp" -ok rm '{}' \;
#!/bin/bash find directory -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -name "*regexp1*" | while read file do target=$(echo $file | sed -e "s@regexp1@regexp2@g") mv "$file" "$target" done
#!/bin/bash
find directory -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -name "*[A-Z]*" | while read file
do
target=$(echo $file | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]')
mv "$file" "$target"
done
chmod +x script_file
Quick explanation: In order to associate an application (e.g., gThumb Image Viewer) with a file-type (e.g., PNG image files), the application needs to have a "desktop entry" (e.g., gthumb.desktop) located in the /usr/share/applications/ directory. Furthermore, the file-type needs to have a mime-type located in the /usr/share/mime/ directory (e.g., /usr/share/mime/images/png.xml). Finally, there should be a line in the /usr/share/applications/defaults.list file that associates the desktop entry with the mime-type (e.g., images/png=gthumb.desktop).
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list.backup
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/defaults.listAdd/change appropriate line to:
mimeType=newApp.desktopTo figure out what newApp should be (if necessary):
ls /usr/share/applications/*.desktop | sed -e "s@/usr/share/applications/@@g" | lessTo figure out what mimeType should be (if necessary):
find /usr/share/mime/ -mindepth 2 -maxdepth 2 -name "*" | sed -e "s@/usr/share/mime/@@g" -e "s@[.]xml@@g" | less
killall gnome-panel killall nautilus
sudo grubAt the grub command prompt, run the following commands:
find /boot/grub/stage1You should see something like (hdX,Y) where X and Y will be numbers, e.g., (hd0, 1).
root (hdX,Y)where X and Y above should be replaced by the appropriate numbers returned in step 1.
setup (hdX)
where X above should be replaced by the appropriate number returned in step 1.
quit
general.autoScroll=true network.http.pipelining=true network.prefetch-next=false browser.backspace_action=0 browser.link.open_newwindow=3 (3: new tab; 2: new indow; 1: current tab) browser.link.open_newwindow.restriction=2 (0: use open_newwindow setting; 1: new window; 2: use open_newwindow setting unless javascript specifies window size) browser.search.openintab=true browser.tabs.autoHide=false browser.tabs.closeButtons=2 browser.tabs.loadFolderAndReplace=false browser.tabs.loadGroup=0 browser.tabs.warnOnClose=false font.size.fixed.x-western=16 font.size.variable.x-western=16 font.default.x-western=sans-serif font.name.monospace.x-western=DejaVu Sans Mono font.name.sans-serif.x-western=DejaVu Sans font.name.serif.x-western=Nimbus Roman No9 L linkification.settings.Linkify_OpenInTab=true linkification.settings.Linkify_OpenTabinBG=true linkification.settings.Linkify_Toggle=false extensions.customizegoogle.web.suggest=false
I'm feeling too lazy to write a step-by-step guide for this one. Instead, I'll post my /etc/X11/xorg.conf file which contains the settings for my dual monitor setup (using a dual head GeForce 7300GS card with a Hanns-G flat panel and a Micron CRT monitor). The "Device", "Monitor", "Screen", "ServerFlags", "ServerLayout", and "Extensions" sections are all relevant.
With my /etc/X11/xorg.conf in mind, here's the short explanation. Basically there must be two "Device" sections, two "Monitor" sections, and two "Screen" sections (linking the appropriate Devices to the appropriate Monitors). The "ServerLayout" section specifies how the Screens are positioned relative to each other. The "ServerFlags" section turns Xinerama on or off. Xinerama allows the two monitors to share one big virtual screen (which I prefer). Turning Xinerama off makes the two monitors have separate and independent screens and so, for example, you can't drag windows between the screens, which is a drag (sorry!). I recommend initially turning off Xinerama while you set things up. Turn Xinerama on only after you've got your screen resolution, etc. set up nicely. This is because you can't access or change the screen resolution with the current implementation of Xinerama. Finally, the "Extensions" section is necessary if you use Xinerama with nVidia drivers to work around this nVidia bug.
tar -cvzf archive_name.tar.gz fileOrFolder
tar -xvzf archive_name.tar.gz
gpg -c file
You will be asked to enter (and re-enter) a password which will used to create the encrypted file called file.gpg
gpg file.gpg